{
 "id": "gasto_id_empresas_pib",
 "nombre": "Gasto en I+D ejecutado por el sector empresas (BERD). % del PIB",
 "tema": "innovacion",
 "organismo": "Eurostat (a partir de la Estadística sobre Actividades de I+D del INE)",
 "operacion": "GERD by sector of performance (rd_e_gerdtot)",
 "fuente_api": "eurostat",
 "codigo": "rd_e_gerdtot?geo=ES&sectperf=BES&unit=PC_GDP",
 "url_fuente": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/rd_e_gerdtot/default/table?lang=en",
 "unidad": "% del PIB",
 "frecuencia": "anual",
 "competencia": "mixta",
 "rupturas": [
  "2002: La API marca ruptura de serie ('b') para España en 2002.",
  "2008: La API marca ruptura de serie ('b') para España en 2008."
 ],
 "confusiones": [
  "Es el gasto en I+D que ejecutan las empresas, lo financie quien lo financie (también fondos públicos). No es el gasto que financian las empresas.",
  "Es una parte del gasto total en I+D, no se suma a él.",
  "No es gasto en innovación (incluye solo I+D, no compra de maquinaria, diseño o comercialización)."
 ],
 "notas": [
  "Se usa Eurostat porque las operaciones de I+D del INE (I+D:E y demás) devuelven TABLAS_OPERACION vacía en Tempus3 (comprobado de nuevo el 2026-10-25).",
  "El agregado UE-27 lleva la marca 'e' (estimado) en todos los años."
 ],
 "verificado": "2026-10-25",
 "comparador_ue": {
  "codigo": "rd_e_gerdtot?sectperf=BES&unit=PC_GDP",
  "geo": "EU27_2020"
 },
 "serie": [
  {
   "p": "1995",
   "v": 0.37
  },
  {
   "p": "1996",
   "v": 0.38
  },
  {
   "p": "1997",
   "v": 0.38
  },
  {
   "p": "1998",
   "v": 0.44
  },
  {
   "p": "1999",
   "v": 0.44
  },
  {
   "p": "2000",
   "v": 0.47
  },
  {
   "p": "2001",
   "v": 0.47
  },
  {
   "p": "2002",
   "v": 0.52,
   "e": "b"
  },
  {
   "p": "2003",
   "v": 0.55
  },
  {
   "p": "2004",
   "v": 0.57
  },
  {
   "p": "2005",
   "v": 0.59
  },
  {
   "p": "2006",
   "v": 0.65
  },
  {
   "p": "2007",
   "v": 0.69
  },
  {
   "p": "2008",
   "v": 0.73,
   "e": "b"
  },
  {
   "p": "2009",
   "v": 0.71
  },
  {
   "p": "2010",
   "v": 0.7
  },
  {
   "p": "2011",
   "v": 0.69
  },
  {
   "p": "2012",
   "v": 0.68
  },
  {
   "p": "2013",
   "v": 0.67
  },
  {
   "p": "2014",
   "v": 0.65
  },
  {
   "p": "2015",
   "v": 0.64
  },
  {
   "p": "2016",
   "v": 0.63
  },
  {
   "p": "2017",
   "v": 0.66
  },
  {
   "p": "2018",
   "v": 0.7
  },
  {
   "p": "2019",
   "v": 0.7
  },
  {
   "p": "2020",
   "v": 0.78
  },
  {
   "p": "2021",
   "v": 0.78
  },
  {
   "p": "2022",
   "v": 0.79
  },
  {
   "p": "2023",
   "v": 0.84
  },
  {
   "p": "2024",
   "v": 0.84
  }
 ],
 "procedencia": {
  "es": {
   "fichero": "data/raw/eurostat/gasto_id_empresas_pib/es-20261025T203220Z.json",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/rd_e_gerdtot?geo=ES&sectperf=BES&unit=PC_GDP&format=JSON&lang=EN",
   "consultado": "2026-10-25T20:32:20+00:00",
   "sha256": "0d624595ac583bc03c7ed1da3abf91d94feb1e5dc0275732caa056914998925b"
  },
  "ue": {
   "fichero": "data/raw/eurostat/gasto_id_empresas_pib/ue-20261025T203220Z.json",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/rd_e_gerdtot?sectperf=BES&unit=PC_GDP&geo=EU27_2020&format=JSON&lang=EN",
   "consultado": "2026-10-25T20:32:20+00:00",
   "sha256": "da6b274ee45fea924366f512849f121d386405633fc00703c91f8a27d10a2bf4"
  }
 },
 "serie_ue": [
  {
   "p": "1995",
   "v": 1.08,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "1996",
   "v": 1.07,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "1997",
   "v": 1.08,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "1998",
   "v": 1.09,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "1999",
   "v": 1.14,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2000",
   "v": 1.16,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2001",
   "v": 1.17,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2002",
   "v": 1.16,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2003",
   "v": 1.16,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2004",
   "v": 1.14,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2005",
   "v": 1.12,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2006",
   "v": 1.14,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2007",
   "v": 1.14,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2008",
   "v": 1.18,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2009",
   "v": 1.21,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2010",
   "v": 1.21,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2011",
   "v": 1.26,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2012",
   "v": 1.31,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2013",
   "v": 1.33,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2014",
   "v": 1.34,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2015",
   "v": 1.36,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2016",
   "v": 1.38,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2017",
   "v": 1.42,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2018",
   "v": 1.44,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2019",
   "v": 1.47,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2020",
   "v": 1.5,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2021",
   "v": 1.48,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2022",
   "v": 1.48,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2023",
   "v": 1.5,
   "e": "e"
  },
  {
   "p": "2024",
   "v": 1.5,
   "e": "e"
  }
 ],
 "resumen": {
  "primer_periodo": "1995",
  "ultimo_periodo": "2024",
  "ultimo_valor": 0.84,
  "n": 30
 }
}